High school students who have a large weekly allowance, friends who smoke and low levels of physical activity are more likely to use multiple substances over time. Conversely, being older, being Black and eating breakfast daily were factors associated with a smaller chance of transitioning to multiple use.
These conclusions were reached by a team of researchers at the University of Waterloo who used artificial intelligence to analyze a large, complex public health dataset—a novel way to approach public health analysis.
The study used machine learning instead of traditional statistical methods, allowing researchers to thoroughly assess multiple factors related to alcohol and other substance use patterns and transitions among Canadian high-school students over three time periods between 2016-19.
“Machine learning has advantages over traditional statistical methods,” said Helen Chen, a public health professor at Waterloo. “For instance, due to the nature of machine learning, we didn’t need to hand-pick variables based on the existing literature to keep our models parsimonious. With machine learning, you look at all the possible permutations in the data. And we found that variables such as receiving a large weekly allowance to be more of a factor than traditional risk factors such as depression, anxiety or bullying.”
In the study, the team identified four distinct usage patterns—no use, single-use (alcohol), dual-use (alcohol and e-cigarettes) and multi-use (alcohol, e-cigarettes, cigarettes and marijuana).
“Most students remained in the same subgroup over the years, and typically, those who transitioned moved toward a higher-use pattern,” said Rena Yang, first author and postdoctoral fellow in Waterloo’s School of Public Health Sciences. “The most likely transition occurred from dual to multi-use, and the least likely transition was from dual use to single use. Basically, once students start using, it is rare for them to spontaneously stop while still in high school.”
The multi-use subgroup was the most stable use pattern among the four, followed by the dual-use subgroup and the no-use subgroup. The single-use subgroup was the least stable.
The researchers used data from the COMPASS System, a rich database of reliable longitudinal health-related information collected from students annually in Canadian secondary school settings.
“Public health practitioners should pay attention to the diverse associations between polysubstance use and multifaceted modifiable factors when designing and implementing interventions targeting multiple youth behaviours,” Yang said. “School policies should integrate these initiatives with other approaches like fostering physical activity, healthy eating, promotion of mental health and so on.”
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