Predisposing risk factors identified in four overlapping domains
- Historical and malleable factors: Depression, anxiety, posttraumatic stress disorder, and other psychological diagnoses; intolerance of distress
- Current and malleable factors: Chronic pain, psychological diagnoses, deficit in coping skills, opioid availability
- Historical and unmalleable factors: Family history of substance use disorder, including alcohol use disorder; personal history of substance use disorder; history of sexual victimization; childhood abuse
- Current and unmalleable factor: Age 16 to 45
Implications for clinical practice: Universal screening, patient education, and mental health care
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