These risk factors included male sex, older age, smoking, alcohol consumption, atrial fibrillation, use of anti-hypertensive medications, prior heart attack or stroke, established cardiovascular disease, low kidney function, high systolic blood pressure, elevated cholesterol level, and use of multiple concomitant medicines.
“Although there are some calculators to produce risk estimates of cardiovascular disease, these are not targeted at those at high risk of fracture,” said corresponding author Daniel Prieto-Alhambra, MD, Ph.D., of the University of Oxford, in the UK.
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